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Fascist Movements in 20th Century

The historical context of fascist movements in the 20th century, including those in Italy and Germany.

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Jan 7, 2026
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How do scholars define fascism and how do those definitions apply to modern U.S. political movements?

Scholars treat fascism not as a single, simple label but as a contested cluster of features—violent, exclusionary nationalism, charismatic authoritarian leadership, suppression of opposition, and mass...

Feb 5, 2026

did Mussolini close the national opera?

did not shut down "the national opera" as a blanket policy; instead the actively intervened in, sponsored, and reshaped ’s —promoting spectacles, creating mass cultural organizations, and encouraging ...