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The risk posed by galactic cosmic rays to deep-space and long-duration missions.
The Van Allen radiation belts are regions of trapped energetic charged particles whose local intensities can be orders of magnitude higher than the typical background encountered in low Earth orbit (L...
Spacecraft and crews manage radiation with a three-pronged strategy: avoid the worst of it by smart trajectories and timing, ride inside to stop many particle types, and limit exposure with mission ru...
Apollo-era passive dosimetry and later analyses show that crew-averaged skin doses for the nine lunar missions clustered well below levels causing acute injury, with Apollo 14 recording the highest me...