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The deaths that occurred in the Gulag labor camps, which were established by the Soviet government.
is simultaneously a literary chronicle of and a polemical indictment of Soviet ideology; it was compiled from survivor testimonies and smuggled out of the , becoming massively influential in the West ...
The claim that de‑Stalinisation was merely a conspiracy of falsehoods against memory does not stand up to the weight of contemporary evidence: 1956 denunciation catalogued real abuses associated with ...
The single largest immediate civilian death toll under Bolshevik rule occurred during the Russian Civil War, widely estimated in secondary sources at roughly 7–12 million deaths, most of them civilian...
Scholarly estimates of excess deaths in the Soviet Union for 1917–1953 cluster around two families: archival-based totals that emphasize recorded executions, Gulag registers and NKVD files (producing ...