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A hawala network was reported to have moved about $20 million in a single year, highlighting the use of informal money transfer systems.
(xawilaad/xawala) is a trust-based, low-cost informal value-transfer system that remains the principal lifeline for Somali households because it is faster and more accessible than ’s limited formal ba...
Reporting does not produce a single, authoritative total for money transferred from Minneapolis to Somalia; available sources document a mix of legal remittances, licensed transfers through services l...
and Somali money-transfer operators (MTOs or “xawilaad”) move remittances through trust-based broker networks that settle obligations off‑book rather than by moving physical cash across each leg of a ...
Formal remittance channels—banks, licensed money transfer operators (MTOs), postal services and regulated mobile wallets—operate inside the banking and regulatory system and offer documented, trackabl...