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The impact of hormones such as dihydrotestosterone and testosterone on genital development
(KS, typically 47,XXY) is often associated with reduced penile length in childhood and adulthood-related hypogonadism that can limit unless treated with androgens . (AIS) — ranging from complete to pa...
—chiefly —drive the masculinization of internal and external genitalia by activating the androgen receptor in target tissues during a critical fetal window and again at puberty, with conversion enzyme...
Multiple prenatal markers have been proposed to —most prominently (AGD), the second‑to‑fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), direct prenatal penile measurements (ultrasound/MRI), prenatal androgen levels, and m...