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International law governing the use of force during armed conflicts, including the use of riot control agents.
U.S. rules on diverge sharply by actor: the military operates under detailed doctrine and international law instruction, follows use-of-force policies within the federal-law enforcement framework, and...
Militaries and police have approached through a patchwork of internal testing protocols, constrained deployments, and legal rationales rather than comprehensive, independent regulation; official claim...
U.S. military law draws a clear line: service members are required to obey lawful orders and have a duty to refuse orders that are unlawful, especially those that are "manifestly unlawful" (e.g., orde...
The line between who may be tried by military commission and who is entitled to a civilian trial turns on a mix of the law of armed conflict (combatant status), statutory designations (e.g., the AUMF ...
NATO as an alliance runs education and training programmes, via Allied Command Transformation and the NATO Defence College, to build cohesion and readiness among member forces . NATO’s public material...
A soldier may legally and ethically refuse an order when that order is unlawful—most clearly when it commands a criminal act such as murder of civilians, rape, torture, or other violations of the law ...