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The use of metadata as evidence in investigations.
Early of trials began with heterogeneous study pools and inconsistent quality screening, sometimes reporting large positive effects that later proved fragile once problematic trials were removed; in r...
Prosecutors rely on a constellation of technical artifacts—file downloads and contents, browser and search histories, system and file metadata, cryptographic hashes, and log data—paired with documente...
When strong encryption blocks access to content, empirical forensic literature shows investigators can and do recover actionable leads from metadata, live/volatile memory, and residual artifacts on de...
Metadata held by CDNs and cloud providers can strongly indicate that a particular resource was requested from a given IP address or session, and modern telemetry (including session IDs) can tie server...