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Large-scale migration from Muslim-majority countries and visible Islamic identities in Western cities have been framed by some as challenges to civic integration and cultural norms.
Western fears of a supposed Muslim global dominance are rooted in a long chain of historical encounters—from medieval military clashes and the memory of Islamic polities in Europe, through colonial-er...
typically navigate a pragmatic middle path between preserving religious identity and adopting host‑society norms, producing outcomes that vary by generation, country context, and denomination . Integr...