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Injuries to the anal sphincter that occur during childbirth, including diagnosis and treatment.
is uncommon, but certain symptoms—heavy or prolonged rectal bleeding, severe or unrelenting abdominal pain, a lodged object, or loss of bowel control—should prompt immediate emergency care . Most tear...
are diagnosed through a combination of history, targeted physical examination, endoscopic inspection (anoscopy/proctoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy), specialized anorectal physiology tests (manometry...
has multiple, well-documented causes: mechanical tears to the sphincter muscles (most often from ), iatrogenic injury during , direct pelvic or rectal trauma, and nerve injury—especially to the —which...
Sphincteroplasty is recommended mainly for patients with anatomically demonstrable external anal sphincter defects—most commonly after obstetric or traumatic injury—who have failed conservative measur...
Few clinical studies directly measure structural changes to the anal sphincter after repeated non‑obstetric anal penetration; the literature is dominated by isolated case reports of acute traumatic di...
Healthcare teams assess suspected anal sphincter damage through a stepped approach that begins with bedside clinical examination and symptom questionnaires, proceeds to targeted imaging and physiologi...