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The process of refining crude oil into various petroleum products.
Guyana’s offshore crude is broadly characterized as light-to-medium gravity and low in sulfur — “sweet” crude that is generally easier and cheaper to refine than heavier, sour grades — meaning it is n...
Venezuela’s Orinoco extra‑heavy crudes require large volumes of lighter diluents (naphtha or condensate) at typical blend ratios of roughly 20–40% by volume to reach pipeline and export specifications...
Venezuelan heavy crude is so viscous and acidic that it must be thinned with lighter hydrocarbons called diluents (naphtha, condensate, light oil) before it can be pumped, blended for export, or proce...
When diluent supplies fall away, refiners and Venezuelan producers respond with a mix of technical workarounds — recovering and recycling diluent in closed loops, leaning on partial upgrading/thermal ...