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Thomas Jefferson's use of a polygraph machine to make instant copies of letters and signatures
have been used by U.S. presidents for decades to affix signatures on a range of documents—most commonly routine, bulk correspondence and memorabilia, but also on legislation, executive orders and othe...
—and their 19th‑century predecessor, the —have been used by presidents for routine and high‑volume signing for well over a century, including by , , , , and others, to sign everything from corresponde...
The historical record shows Thomas Jefferson was the earliest and most conspicuous early adopter of signature-duplicating machinery, using a polygraph/autopen extensively in the early 19th century . I...