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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein harm

Debate about whether lingering SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after infection or vaccination causes chronic harm and the effectiveness of antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies

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Jan 23, 2026
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How does spike protein clearance differ after natural infection versus vaccination?

antigen differs in timing, distribution, and immune context between natural infection and vaccination: natural infection releases spike (and S1 subunit) into blood variably—often higher in severe case...

Jan 29, 2026

What role does the immune system play in clearing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein?

The immune system clears through a coordinated sequence of , and opsonization, and T‑cell–driven destruction of spike‑expressing cells; these pathways also underpin but can be challenged by and . Evid...