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The impact of solar particle events on space missions and astronaut safety.
Spacecraft and crews manage radiation with a three-pronged strategy: avoid the worst of it by smart trajectories and timing, ride inside to stop many particle types, and limit exposure with mission ru...
Past crewed missions that traversed the -belts-mitigation">Van Allen radiation belts—most notably the flights—used trajectory planning, limited transit time, and spacecraft shielding to reduce astrona...
Apollo 11’s crew managed radiation exposure by a combination of engineering, operational planning and, candidly, good fortune: the command module’s aluminum hull provided modest shielding, the translu...