Index/Topics/South Dakota v. Dole

South Dakota v. Dole

A Supreme Court case related to the Spending Clause.

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Jan 26, 2026
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Could states legally withhold federal payments to individuals or businesses, and what court precedents apply?

, settled legal authority to withhold federal payments to individuals or businesses; the constitutional landscape is governed by Spending Clause limits, anti-coercion principles, and a body of precede...

Jan 13, 2026
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What legal authority allows the federal government to withhold or condition grants to states, and how have courts ruled on similar freezes?

The federal power to withhold or condition grants to states flows principally from the Spending Clause—Article I, Section 8—which gives Congress broad authority to spend for the “general Welfare” and ...

Jan 15, 2026
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What Supreme Court precedents govern when the federal government can condition grants to states and localities?

The Supreme Court has fashioned a compact set of precedents that let Congress use the Spending Clause to attach conditions to federal grants, but only within express limits: conditions must be unambig...

Jan 29, 2026

What are the legal limits and precedent for private funding of federal building projects, and how have courts ruled in similar cases?

can play a role in federal real-estate projects, but constitutional and statutory guardrails constrain when and how that money may be accepted, conditioned, or used—rooted in precedent, the , and proc...

Jan 13, 2026

How have city and state plaintiffs structured their legal arguments to succeed against federal attempts to withhold funding?

City and state plaintiffs have won or obtained injunctions against federal attempts to withhold funds by framing their claims around separation of powers and Spending Clause limits, alleging executive...