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The use of materials such as stainless steel and aluminum alloys to shield spacecraft from radiation.
Spacecraft and crews manage radiation with a three-pronged strategy: avoid the worst of it by smart trajectories and timing, ride inside to stop many particle types, and limit exposure with mission ru...
Recent unmanned missions and studies have sharpened the picture of the belts as a dynamic, sometimes intense radiation environment that poses a real but manageable hazard to ; they have not suddenly m...
Friction in the everyday sense—molecules rubbing directly against a surface—is not the primary agent that during ; instead, the dominant heating comes from rapid compression and shock-layer processes ...