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Terrestrial Contamination

The risk of terrestrial contamination in Apollo samples and its implications for their analysis.

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Jan 14, 2026
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What scientific analyses of Apollo lunar samples confirm they are extraterrestrial?

A broad suite of laboratory analyses—radiometric dating, elemental and isotopic fingerprints, mineralogical and petrological studies, and space-weathering signatures—collectively demonstrate that Apol...

Feb 5, 2026

What scientific analyses confirm that Apollo moon rocks are of lunar origin?

Multiple independent laboratory techniques—radiometric dating, mineralogical and petrographic analysis, isotopic measurements, and detection of space-weathering signatures—converge to show that the ar...