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United States v. Brignoni‑Ponce

A court case that established the requirement for reasonable or individualized suspicion before stops based on protected characteristics.

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Jan 28, 2026
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Can refusing to show ID to federal agents lead to arrest or prosecution and under what charges?

to federal agents is not automatically a federal crime, but it can lead to arrest or prosecution in certain circumstances—most commonly when state “stop-and-identify” laws apply, when the refusal occu...

Jan 18, 2026
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How have courts historically balanced law‑enforcement discretion and protections against racial profiling in immigration enforcement?

For decades courts have walked a tense line between deferring to executive immigration enforcement discretion and protecting constitutional bans on race‑based policing, often allowing broader federal ...