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US Federal Shutdowns 1995-2025

The analysis of major multi-day federal shutdowns in the United States from 1995 to 2025, involving divided incentives and the role of the presidency and Congress.

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Jan 31, 2026
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How did party control of the House, Senate, and Presidency align during the major multi‑day shutdowns (1995–96, 2013, 2018–19, 2025)?

since 1995 have repeatedly involved divided incentives: arose with and (House and Senate) , occurred with a Democratic president, a Republican House and a Democratic Senate stalemate , began with unif...