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U.S. Foreign-Born Population Discrepancies

Discrepancies between CPS and ACS surveys regarding the U.S. foreign-born population, including differences in sample size, frequency, and reference dates.

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Jan 19, 2026

How do CPS and ACS estimates of the foreign‑born population differ and why does it matter for policy?

The CPS and ACS produce different headline counts and recent trends for the U.S. foreign‑born population because they differ in sample size, frequency and reference dates, survey mode and weighting, a...