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Restoring U.S. and Western investment in Venezuela’s critical minerals after Maduro
Certifying Venezuelan minerals for U.S. tech supply chains would require a twin-track reform: fundamental legal restructuring to restore investor protections and export legality, and stringent anti‑mo...
Restoring Venezuela’s refineries to meaningful operation will be a phased, multi-year process: some limited output and commercial flows can resume within months under a coordinated external program, b...
Venezuela carried out a wholesale nationalization of its oil industry effective 1 January 1976, converting foreign concessionaires into state-controlled affiliates under PDVSA and replacing operators ...
There is no factual, sourced figure in the reporting that quantifies "how much oil was stolen by Venezuela from BP"; major outlets and experts describe nationalisations and restructurings of foreign o...
Between 2006 and 2016, U.S. crude oil imports from Venezuela declined materially from levels often cited around 1.4 million barrels per day in the mid‑2000s to roughly 291 million barrels for the full...
Available reporting in the provided set does not identify any foreign company that has formally signed a lithium exploration or production agreement with Venezuela since 2023; the sources instead docu...
Venezuela has engaged with mining companies and created joint ventures since 2016, but reporting and public records in the provided sources do not show clear, documented cash settlements or completed ...
Venezuela’s stated hydrocarbon and mineral “reserves” have been presented very differently since 2000: an early-2000s expansion and reclassification of heavy and extra‑heavy oil into “proven” categori...
China and Russia became the principal external financiers and operational partners of Venezuela’s oil sector after Hugo Chávez’s 2000s restructurings, providing large loans, joint funds and hands-on t...
Restoring U.S. and Western investment in Venezuela’s critical minerals after Maduro would require a package of domestic legal reforms, international legal and financial assurances, and the unwinding o...