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The oil sector in Venezuela, including exports and international partnerships
Venezuelans are not uniformly happy with the current state of the country; reactions range from ecstatic celebration among many in the diaspora to cautious hope, deep uncertainty and outright anger in...
Yes — long before Nicolás Maduro’s rule, U.S. oil companies were heavily invested in Venezuela: American majors dominated early 20th‑century development, suffered large‑scale expropriations at nationa...
Two legacy U.S. oil majors — ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips — are the principal American firms with active, high‑value legal claims stemming from Venezuela’s 2007 nationalizations, with Conoco’s arbitr...
President Trump publicly urged U.S. and international oil firms to invest roughly $100 billion in Venezuela’s dilapidated oil sector after the U.S. intervention that deposed Nicolás Maduro, but there ...
Venezuela bases its claim to much of Guyana—principally the Essequibo region—on a mix of colonial-era boundary interpretations, rejection of the 1899 Paris Arbitral Award as illegitimate, and a narrat...
Smaller independent oil firms and service providers — not the U.S. supermajors — have surfaced as the likeliest near-term actors willing to engage in short-term Venezuela projects, with U.S. officials...
The short answer is: not wholesale and not yet — New York Attorney General filings have created a legal path to seize or lien Donald Trump’s property over a roughly $454 million civil judgment if he d...
U.S. government policies have acted as both an enabler and an obstacle to oil companies seeking to recover expropriation awards from Venezuela: U.S. courts and some executive actions have converted ar...
Restoring Venezuela’s refineries to meaningful operation will be a phased, multi-year process: some limited output and commercial flows can resume within months under a coordinated external program, b...
United States sanctions and recent U.S. military actions have materially weakened the practical—and therefore legal—enforceability of oil-for-loan arrangements between Venezuela and its Chinese and Ru...
Multiple legal pathways—primarily international arbitration forums and, in parallel, U.S. courts invoking the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA)—have handled compensation claims arising from Vene...
ConocoPhillips secured a multi-billion‑dollar victory against Venezuela in two international forums: an ICSID tribunal awarded roughly $8.7 billion (often reported as $8.5–8.7 billion) for unlawful ex...
There is no factual, sourced figure in the reporting that quantifies "how much oil was stolen by Venezuela from BP"; major outlets and experts describe nationalisations and restructurings of foreign o...
In 2006 the United States remained Venezuela’s single most important trading partner, importing large volumes of Venezuelan crude even as political relations soured under President Hugo Chávez’s refor...
There is currently no verified, publicly available list of U.S. senators who “received money from Venezuela” as claimed in viral social posts; independent fact‑checks found no evidence that ex‑Venezue...
Available reporting in the provided set does not identify any foreign company that has formally signed a lithium exploration or production agreement with Venezuela since 2023; the sources instead docu...
Venezuela nationalized its oil industry in two major waves: a broad, legal nationalization that created state oil company PDVSA on January 1, 1976, and a later campaign under President Hugo Chávez in ...
Venezuela’s Orinoco extra‑heavy crudes require large volumes of lighter diluents (naphtha or condensate) at typical blend ratios of roughly 20–40% by volume to reach pipeline and export specifications...
Reporting shows Venezuela has for years sold significant volumes of oil to China and has used the Chinese yuan in some transactions and pricing declarations, but there is no contemporaneous, verifiabl...
The United States carried out a large-scale military operation against Venezuela on 3 January 2026 that included airstrikes across northern Venezuela and the capture and removal of President Nicolás M...