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Hugo Chávez's 2000s restructurings of Venezuela's oil sector
María Corina Machado first rose as an anti-Chávez activist through the civic-monitoring group Súmate and quickly became a polarizing figure around the April 2002 coup attempt, accused of signing the C...
China’s CNPC and Sinopec acquired and preserved stakes in Venezuelan oil through a mix of Chávez-era restructurings that forced foreign firms into joint ventures, large China-backed loans tied to oil ...
In 2006 the United States remained Venezuela’s single most important trading partner, importing large volumes of Venezuelan crude even as political relations soured under President Hugo Chávez’s refor...
The 2007 wave of Venezuelan nationalizations was justified by the Chávez government through a mix of pre-existing organic laws, recently enacted hydrocarbons and expropriation statutes, an enabling-de...
China and Russia became the principal external financiers and operational partners of Venezuela’s oil sector after Hugo Chávez’s 2000s restructurings, providing large loans, joint funds and hands-on t...