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Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro oversaw waves of state takeovers and tighter state control over oil and mining assets, notably asserting majority or full state stakes in Orinoco heavy-oil...
Hugo Chávez’s mid-2000s reassertion of state control over Venezuela’s oil sector and Nicolás Maduro’s continuation of that policy led to the effective loss or forced reduction of foreign companies’ op...
Venezuela is widely reported as holding the world’s largest proven oil reserves—commonly cited around 303 billion barrels in 2025—placing it ahead of Saudi Arabia and Iran in several recent compilatio...
Hugo Chávez’s government seized or nationalized foreign oil assets in multiple waves, most prominently in 2007 when it reasserted state control over Orinoco heavy‑oil projects operated by major intern...
Venezuela is widely reported to hold the largest *proven* crude oil reserves in the world, commonly cited around , a figure repeated by multiple industry and data compilations. The headline number is ...
Venezuela’s nationalizations over decades swept up not only U.S. oil majors but a broad array of foreign (non‑U.S.) firms — European and regional partners in joint ventures — and several of those comp...
Venezuela’s 2007 hydrocarbon nationalizations led to high-profile seizures of assets from several foreign oil firms — most notably ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil — triggering multiple international arb...
Just Stop Oil is not shown in available reporting to be funded by oil companies; multiple mainstream sources state its primary backers are the US-based Climate Emergency Fund and public donations, wit...
The 1997 “Apertura Petrolera” (Oil Opening) fundamentally shifted Venezuela from exclusive state control toward a hybrid model that invited foreign capital and technology into the Orinoco heavy‑oil be...
Available reporting does not list foreign oil companies whose operations inside Venezuela were seized in the recent U.S. operation; reporting centers on a U.S. seizure of a tanker (the Skipper) carryi...
ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil both obtained international arbitration awards after Venezuela’s 2007-2010-era seizures of assets and have pursued collection primarily through international arbitration ...
Several of today’s biggest oil companies — most notably ExxonMobil and Chevron — trace directly to Standard Oil’s 1911 breakup; other modern majors such as BP, Marathon and Saudi Aramco also have sign...
BP’s Statistical Review historically lists Venezuela as the country with the world’s largest proven oil reserves, roughly , and multiple independent datasets and summaries continue to report the same ...
Estimates in the reporting provided stress that individuals contribute meaningful but limited shares of emissions compared with large industrial actors: many pieces argue that systemic sources—industr...
Pam Bondi’s tenure as Florida Attorney General emphasized , rooted in her prosecutorial background and landmark actions after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, alongside controversies over transpa...
Global fossil fuel production is concentrated in a relatively small group of countries—chiefly China for coal, the United States and Saudi Arabia for oil, and the U.S. and Russia for gas—while a handf...
There is no factual, sourced figure in the reporting that quantifies "how much oil was stolen by Venezuela from BP"; major outlets and experts describe nationalisations and restructurings of foreign o...
In 2007 the Venezuelan government moved to take operational control of major foreign-run heavy‑oil projects in the Orinoco Belt, most notably seizing ExxonMobil’s Cerro Negro and La Ceiba projects and...
Venezuela nationalized its oil industry in two major waves: a broad, legal nationalization that created state oil company PDVSA on January 1, 1976, and a later campaign under President Hugo Chávez in ...
OPEC and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) both report “proven” oil reserves but use different reporting chains, definitions and data sources, which produces persistent discrepancies ra...