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Oil company and gasoline retailer
Yes — Venezuela has a documented history of seizing foreign oil assets that included U.S. companies, most notably during the Chávez-era nationalizations and subsequent expropriations in the 2000s, tho...
Venezuelan oil is not “dirty” in the moral sense but is characteristically heavy, sour and technically challenging: much of it is extra‑heavy crude that requires special upgrading or configured refine...
Since 2019 the universe of refineries actually taking Venezuelan heavy and extra‑heavy crudes has narrowed and rerouted: U.S. Gulf Coast facilities built or retrofitted for heavy, sour Venezuelan grad...
Hugo Chávez led large, formal nationalizations across oil, banking, steel, cement, fertilizer and large tracts of agricultural and urban land—culminating in state operational control of the Orinoco oi...
Multiple international tribunals have found that Venezuela’s 2007 nationalizations of foreign oil investments violated treaty or contractual obligations, and claimants have pursued a mix of arbitral a...
There is no definitive list in the provided reporting that identifies which sitting U.S. senators have accepted campaign donations directly tied to Venezuelan individuals or state-owned Venezuelan ent...
Venezuela has been ordered to pay large arbitration awards to multiple foreign firms for past seizures — notably ConocoPhillips (~$8–$10.7 billion total awards under different cases) and Rusoro (~$1.2...
ConocoPhillips won multiple arbitration awards totalling roughly $10–11 billion when interest is included: an ICSID award of about US$8.7 billion plus US$20.4 million in costs (later described in repo...
Three high-profile losses tied to Venezuela’s resource nationalizations stand out in recent reporting: Canadian juniors Rusoro and Crystallex had gold assets seized in 2011 and subsequently won multi‑...
U.S. oil companies have won multiple multibillion‑ and multimillion‑dollar arbitration awards against Venezuela arising from the 2007 nationalizations, led most prominently by ConocoPhillips’ ICSID aw...
Available reporting does not provide a single, authoritative cumulative dollar figure for all assets Venezuela has seized or nationalized since Hugo Chávez took office in 1999; instead, contemporary a...
Venezuela has paid varying amounts of compensation to owners of nationalized assets: some firms received multi‑hundred‑million to billion‑dollar settlements (Exxon – originally $1.6bn award later redu...
The "$40 billion" figure most commonly appears in reporting and commentary about Venezuela in two contexts: (a) an often-cited estimate of the value tied to Venezuelan assets, claims or alleged losses...
Hugo Chávez’s mid‑2000s campaign to reassert state control over Venezuela’s oil sector culminated in 2007 orders that converted foreign-operated heavy‑oil projects—especially in the Orinoco Belt—into ...
Venezuela has mounted both legal and political resistance to foreign arbitration awards from ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil, exhausting multiple annulment and appeal routes while publicly rejecting the...
International arbitral tribunals — principally ICSID panels and parallel bilateral‑investment‑treaty tribunals — have repeatedly found that Venezuela owes substantial compensation for the 2007‑era exp...
No provided source contains a contemporaneous, line‑item "asset inventory" that explicitly marks delayed coker or hydrocracker units as delayed; therefore it is not possible from the reporting supplie...
Since 2007 the most prominent foreign oil-company arbitration victories against Venezuela are ConocoPhillips’ multibillion-dollar ICSID award for three expropriated projects and a series of awards and...
ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil each brought multiple international arbitrations against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela after the 2007 nationalizations of projects in the Orinoco Belt; ConocoPhill...
ConocoPhillips’ multi‑billion dollar arbitration victories sit at the center of recent enforcement drives: the company has registered and sought to execute awards against Venezuela in multiple jurisdi...