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Military court for war criminals after the Second World War
The Nuremberg Trials established that "just following orders" — the superior‑orders defense — cannot serve as an absolute shield against prosecution for war crimes: the London Charter and the IMT judg...
The postwar trials in 1945–46 relied on a combination of eyewitness testimony (survivors, perpetrators), documentary evidence, film and photographs, and physical site inspection reports to establish t...
The “Hostage Edict” refers broadly to the system of orders and regulations issued by Nazi military leadership in 1941–42 that institutionalized the taking and summary execution of civilian hostages an...
Archival records supporting the commonly cited figure of about six million Jewish deaths in the Holocaust come from multiple, independent documentary streams: captured Nazi paperwork (including Wannse...
Yes—the Holocaust occurred: a state-sponsored, systematic campaign by Nazi Germany that resulted in the murder of about six million Jews and millions of other victims, and it is documented by an extra...
The annihilation of Lidice on 10 June 1942 was seized by the Allies as a vivid, almost indisputable exemplar of Nazi brutality and used repeatedly in wartime publicity and in postwar prosecutions; Naz...
The most significant documents at the Nuremberg Trials proving the Holocaust were the voluminous contemporaneous German records—orders, memos, transport lists, camp reports and statistical summaries—p...
The Nuremberg trials transformed the Holocaust from fragmented wartime reports into a large body of public evidence—1,300 witnesses, more than 30,000 documents and 132,855 pages of transcripts—making ...
The estimate of roughly of the Holocaust rests on a convergence of complementary evidence: prewar and postwar demographic studies, surviving Nazi documentation (deportation lists, camp registers, Eins...
The Holocaust—the systematic, state-sponsored murder of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945—is a historical fact established by an overwhelming b...
The Nuremberg proceedings established individual criminal responsibility and rejected blanket superior‑orders defenses—most famously through the Nuremberg Principles and Article 8 of the IMT Charter—c...
The Nuremberg Charter and the later Nuremberg Principles established individual criminal responsibility for international crimes and rejected a categorical “just following orders” shield — Nuremberg P...
Revised historical estimates reconcile differences between Nazi paperwork, local records, and survivor testimony by triangulating the Germans’ own documents with thousands of survivor interviews and n...
Three well-known episodes illustrate the legal and moral debate over “refusal of unlawful orders”: the Nuremberg Trials rejected the superior‑orders defense and produced verdicts punishing many top Na...
The Nuremberg Trials converted vast amounts of captured Nazi material and survivor testimony into an official, public record that helped define the Holocaust for wider (especially non‑Jewish) audience...