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A definitive, source-backed roster of every Gulf Coast refinery that can process Venezuela’s heavy Merey and Hamaca blends does not exist in the provided reporting, but the evidence points to a core g...
U.S. operable refinery distillation capacity hovered around 18.4 million barrels per calendar day (b/cd) at the start of 2024–2025, essentially flat year‑over‑year, though EIA projects capacity to fal...
A definitive, unit-by-unit inventory of operational cokers and hydrocrackers on the U.S. Gulf Coast cannot be produced from the supplied reporting because the sources give refinery-level capacities an...
A Gulf Coast coking refinery may be unable to accept heavy Venezuelan crude this month for three practical reasons: unit-level turnarounds or maintenance that take cokers, desulfurization units or ble...
Since Washington loosened petroleum restrictions in late 2022 by issuing a Chevron-specific authorization and later tightened and rewrote that authorization, actual flows of Venezuela’s heavy Merey an...
Between 2021 and 2025 U.S. petroleum trade and refining dynamics shifted in ways that helped moderate retail gasoline prices: exports of total petroleum rose (the U.S. exported roughly 10.2 million b/...