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Ancient Christian writings record practices of confession and penance early on, but they show a range of forms—from public, once-in-a-lifetime public penance to private confession and episcopal reconc...
Early Christian writings generally present in the sources examined, with foundational texts like the Didache and authors such as Tertullian, Athenagoras, and Clement of Alexandria framing abortion as ...
Hermes Trismegistus is a legendary, syncretic figure—originating as a fusion of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth—credited in antiquity with the Hermetic writings but not attested as a v...
Johann Eck’s attacks on Martin Luther in 1520–1521 centered on defending , while portraying Luther’s positions as tantamount to Hussite heresy; Eck combined scholastic argument, patristic citations, a...
Christian theologians justified violence against non-Christians during the Crusades through a mix of historical precedent, theological development, and political exigency that transformed earlier non-...
Early Church Fathers and the earliest Christian art stressed angels as spiritual, often portrayed in human form but not as sexually differentiated beings; artists borrowed pagans’ winged figures and a...
Christianity's history includes well-documented episodes of organized and sporadic violence—ranging from state-backed crusades and inquisitions to local pogroms, colonial massacres, and intra-Christia...
Scholars and commentators have long debated whether Matthew 5:22 originally included the Greek adverb translated “without a cause” (εἰκῆ / “without cause”), and interpreters have treated that phrase i...
Early Christian writers began to link the Isaiah passage about the “morning star” (Hebrew helel, Latin lucifer) with the devil already in late antiquity: church fathers such as Origen, Tertullian and ...