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The formation of joint ventures between PDVSA and international companies, including Chevron, Total, BP, and Statoil, after the 2007 expropriation.
In the decade after the 2006–2007 contract renegotiations, PDVSA’s output and technical capability trended sharply downward: production failed to recover to pre‑2002 levels and on balance declined thr...
China and Russia have financed PDVSA refinery and upstream projects largely through large, often opaque, bilateral loans and oil-for-loan arrangements that were repaid in kind (crude or refinery acces...
In 2007 the Venezuelan government moved to take operational control of major foreign-run heavy‑oil projects in the Orinoco Belt, most notably seizing ExxonMobil’s Cerro Negro and La Ceiba projects and...