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The capacity of U.S. refineries, particularly those on the Gulf Coast, to process heavy, high-sulfur crudes like Orinoco-grade extra-heavy crude.
is producing at near-record levels: EIA data show a July 2025 peak of about 13.6 million barrels per day (b/d), and the agency’s forecasts put average U.S. crude production roughly between 13.3 and 13...
A narrow group of refineries and countries worldwide currently have the technical configuration to handle Orinoco‑grade extra‑heavy crude — largely high‑conversion cokers and cokers with diluent/blend...