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Human disease
ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil were the principal U.S. oil companies that pursued international compensation after Venezuela’s 2007 nationalizations; both secured arbitration awards but with markedly d...
Multiple international tribunals have found that Venezuela’s 2007 nationalizations of foreign oil investments violated treaty or contractual obligations, and claimants have pursued a mix of arbitral a...
Venezuela’s 2000s-era nationalizations of oil and mining assets spawned a cascade of international arbitrations, producing multi‑billion‑dollar awards, mixed rulings on legality versus compensation, a...
ConocoPhillips’ long-running dispute with Venezuela stems from the 2007 nationalisation of three oil projects and has produced multiple arbitration wins for the company—ICC and ICSID awards totaling b...
ConocoPhillips won multiple arbitration awards totalling roughly $10–11 billion when interest is included: an ICSID award of about US$8.7 billion plus US$20.4 million in costs (later described in repo...
U.S. oil companies have won multiple multibillion‑ and multimillion‑dollar arbitration awards against Venezuela arising from the 2007 nationalizations, led most prominently by ConocoPhillips’ ICSID aw...
Yes — there have been arrest warrants tied to Donald J. Trump, most notably a local warrant issued after a 2023 Fulton County indictment; international requests and media reports have sometimes sugges...
Venezuela’s 2007 hydrocarbon nationalizations led to high-profile seizures of assets from several foreign oil firms — most notably ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil — triggering multiple international arb...
Australia has not imposed sanctions on the United States or on former President Donald Trump; instead, recent public reporting and government releases document Australia coordinating sanctions with th...
Venezuela’s 2007 nationalizations spawned a string of international arbitration awards—most notably ConocoPhillips’ multi-billion dollar wins and ExxonMobil’s mixed ICC/ICSID results—but the bulk of t...
Arbitration tribunals have ordered Venezuela to pay multiple billions of dollars over the Chávez‑era nationalizations, but the picture is fragmented: high‑profile awards include ExxonMobil (roughly $0...
Three headline investor–state arbitrations grew out of Hugo Chávez’s 2007 oil-sector restructurings — most prominently claims by ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips — and produced mixed results: tribunals s...
Since 2007 the most prominent foreign oil-company arbitration victories against Venezuela are ConocoPhillips’ multibillion-dollar ICSID award for three expropriated projects and a series of awards and...
ConocoPhillips’ multi‑billion dollar arbitration victories sit at the center of recent enforcement drives: the company has registered and sought to execute awards against Venezuela in multiple jurisdi...
ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips are the highest-profile foreign claimants that have pursued treaty-based ICSID or bilateral‑treaty claims against Venezuela, and more recent filings by companies such as ...
Since 2000 multiple U.S. and foreign-based companies with U.S. ties have pursued arbitration and U.S. court actions to recover assets expropriated by Venezuela after nationalizations that accelerated ...
ConocoPhillips secured multiple arbitration awards against Venezuela stemming from the 2007 expropriations — most prominently an ICSID award of roughly $8.7–8.75 billion in 2019 (plus earlier ICC reli...
Venezuela defended the 2007 wave of nationalizations in international tribunals chiefly by invoking sovereign authority to regulate and reclaim strategic resources, by asserting that domestic legal pr...
States must follow two overlapping legal regimes when using lethal force at sea: international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict) governs conduct during armed conflict and requires distincti...
The available analyses do not show a distinct, publicly documented “White House building code” separate from Washington, D.C.’s municipal codes; instead, the public record links White House structures...