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German priest and theologian (1483–1546)
Martin Luther excluded certain books—primarily the seven Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament and questioned a few New Testament books—from the core Protestant canon because he prioritized text...
Martin Luther authored a virulently anti-Jewish tract titled On the Jews and Their Lies in 1543 that demonized Jews, urged severe measures against them, and recommended actions including burning synag...
Martin Luther’s virulent anti-Jewish tracts and towering cultural status were actively seized by Nazi propagandists who recycled his language and image to lend historical and theological cover to raci...
Martin Luther placed the 14 books commonly called the Apocrypha (the deuterocanonical books found in Roman Catholic Bibles — e.g., Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach/Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, 1–2 Maccabees, ...
Martin Luther did not “remove” the deuterocanonical books from his Bible; he placed the Roman Catholic deuterocanonical/Apocryphal books in a separate intertestamental section and labeled them “not he...
Stark Catholic resistance to Martin Luther in the 1520s coalesced around a small set of who marshaled biblical, patristic, scholastic, and institutional arguments to reject Luther’s teaching on justif...
Martin Luther relocated the Old Testament deuterocanonical books—commonly called the Apocrypha—out of the main Old Testament and printed them in a separate section labeled "Apocrypha" in his German Bi...
Accusations that a public figure is the Antichrist have recurred across two millennia, applied to popes, emperors, revolutionaries, dictators and modern politicians as a way to name ultimate evil in c...
From the 11th century through the Reformation and into later Protestant confessions, many critics—especially Protestant reformers—identified the papacy or particular popes with the Antichrist; promine...
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses primarily attacked the , arguing that they misrepresented repentance and salvation and exploited the faithful; this focus appears consistently across recent summaries and his...
Martin Luther is reported to have encountered what contemporaries called a "changeling" at Dessau and to have made shockingly harsh remarks about its nature and disposal, remarks preserved in posthumo...
Accusations of “the Antichrist” have been leveled at a wide range of contemporary figures — from tech billionaires and philanthropists to political leaders and religious rivals — often reflecting poli...
Johann Eck’s attacks on Martin Luther in 1520–1521 centered on defending , while portraying Luther’s positions as tantamount to Hussite heresy; Eck combined scholastic argument, patristic citations, a...
Pope Leo X’s 1520 bull Exsurge Domine formally condemned drawn from Martin Luther’s writings, targeting teachings on indulgences, papal authority, sacraments, justification, and related moral and doct...
Pope Leo X’s formal reply to Martin Luther’s challenge was the papal bull *Exsurge Domine* , which and gave Luther a sixty-day ultimatum to recant; Luther refused, escalating the conflict and culminat...
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses ignited a broad partisan reaction in the 1520s: , and leading theologians split between cautious defense, reformist sympathy, and outright opposition. Scholarly and contempor...
Since Martin Luther’s 16th-century challenge to the medieval corpus, the Protestant canon has narrowed in practice to the 66-book Bible familiar to most Protestants today, but that narrowing was neith...
Several major postwar Lutheran bodies have formally repudiated Martin Luther’s antisemitic writings: the Lutheran World Federation issued a public acknowledgement in 1983 (recognizing “the sins of Lut...
Martin Luther relocated the books later called the deuterocanonical books into an intertestamental “Apocrypha” section and described them as useful but not equal to Holy Scripture, prompting sharp pus...
Since the Reformation Martin Luther and most Lutheran bodies have treated the Old Testament deuterocanonical books as non‑canonical but “useful and good to read,” often printed in a separate Apocrypha...