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Italian semiotician, essayist, philosopher, literary critic, and novelist (1932–2016)
Scholars and commentators use multiple checklists to define fascism — common features include a cult of the “people” led by a dominant leader, aggressive nationalism, suppression of opposition, parami...
Historians and political theorists converge on a core cluster of traits that reliably identify 20th‑century fascist movements: to remake the polity. Scholars emphasize that fascism is best seen as a f...
Fascism does not map neatly onto a single point on conventional left–right economic spectra: historians and economists agree that fascist regimes mixed state control, private property, and market mech...
Scholars and institutions offer repeatable checklists—Laurence Britt’s 14 points and versions from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and Umberto Eco—that list traits commonly seen when movements slid...
Political scientists and historians do not rely on a single test for "fascism" but instead use clusters of features—scholars often invoke diagnostic frameworks such as Umberto Eco’s famous “Ur‑Fascism...
Common, recurring warning signs scholars and analysts point to include attacks on pluralism and minority scapegoating, glorification of a singular leader and order, erosion or dismissal of the rule of...
The two regimes most consistently identified by historians as paradigmatic fascist governments are Benito Mussolini’s Italy and Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany; Britannica calls them “the most prominent 2...
Scholars and reference works converge on a set of core features that recur in 20th‑century fascist movements: extreme militant nationalism, contempt for liberal democracy, authoritarian leadership and...
Scholars from the 1920s to today treat “fascism” as a contested category but repeatedly identify a core cluster of traits: extreme nationalism and authoritarianism; anti‑liberal and anti‑communist pol...
Political scientists and historians converge on a core set of traits that define fascism: , combined with violence, militarism, and suppression of opposition. Debates persist about boundaries and emph...